Information on the ground evolved independently at least twice
“How to end the same circuit was more flexible than I expected,” Zerba said. “You can make the same identical circuits from different types of cells.”
Zerba and his team also found that in the birds’ birds, neurons that begin to grow in different regions could mature in the same type of neurons in adults. This pressure against previous views, where separate areas of the fetus must create different types of neurons.
In mammals, brain growth follows a visual path: the cells of the embryo area end at the beginning of growth in adult amygdal. The cells in the embryo area end in the adult cortex. But in the birds, “there is an extraordinary reorganization of the brain,” Gentorone said, “It’s not what we expected.”
Overall, these studies provide the most obvious evidence that birds and mammals still evolve independently of the brain areas for complex knowledge. They also repeat previous research from the TOSCHS laboratory, which showed that mammals have evolved independently of reptiles DVR.
However, it seems that there was a legacy of a common ancestor. In a third study using deep learning, his campaign and colleague Nicolas Hacker found that mice, chickens and humans share some parts of DNA that affect the growth of neokortex or DVR, showing that similar genetic tools are working in both animals. And as previous studies have shown, research groups found that inhibitory neurons, or those that silence and moderate neural signals, are preserved among birds and mammals.
These findings have not fully resolved the Karten and Pulales discussion. Who was the closer to the truth? TOSCHES said Puleles is right, while Güntürkün thought it would better reflect Karten’s ideas, though it would some extent make Pules happy. Garcia-Morno divided the difference: “Both were true; none of them were wrong.”
How to build intelligence
Intelligence is not accompanied by a manual. TOSCHES said it is difficult to define, there is no ideal step towards it, and it does not have the optimal design. Innovations can occur throughout the animal’s biology, whether in new or in their regulation, or in new types of neurons, circuits and areas of the brain. But similar innovations can evolve independently several times – a phenomenon known as convergence evolution – and this is seen throughout life.
“One of the reasons I like these articles is that they really highlight a lot of differences,” said Bradley Colkate, a molecular neuroscience scientist at UC Santa Cruise. “This lets you say: What are the various nervous solutions that these organisms to solve similar problems in life in a complex and unable to adapt to a rapidly changing land environment?”
Octopus and composite fish, independently of mammals, eyes like a camera. Birds, bats and insects all go to the sky alone. “If they build a tower, if they build a wall, it won’t work if they make a wall,” said Garcia-Morno.
Likewise, “there are limited degrees of freedom where you can create a smart brain, at least within the vertebrae.” However, move outside the vertebrate realm, and you can produce a smart brain in very vague ways – from our point of view. “It’s a wild West,” he said. For example, octopus “evolved information in a completely independent way.” Their cognitive structures do not look like us, except that they are made of the same type of cell: neurons. However, the octopus was doing incredible tasks such as escaping aquarium tanks, puzzles solving, glass washing doors and shell carrying as a shield.
“It is interesting to understand how octopus evolves intelligence using truly divergent nerve structures,” said COLQUITT. As such, any absolute limitations on intelligence in all species of animal can be identified not just vertebrates.
Zerba said such findings could ultimately show the common features of different intelligences. What are brain building blocks that can be criticized, use tools or form abstract ideas? This understanding can help search for extraterrestrial intelligence and help improve our artificial intelligence. For example, the way we are currently thinking about using insights to improve artificial intelligence is very human. “I will really be curious to see if we can make it like artificial intelligence,” the camp said. “How does a bird think? Can we imitate it?”
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